![]() 11 Flat feet has been associated with body mass index, foot size, type of population, family history, and usage of footwear during infancy. 10 The five-year prevalence of flat feet among visitors to an Italian orthopedic ambulatory unit was 3.96%, among whom women were predominant. 9 The features of flat feet are an extremely low arch that increases the risk of hallux valgus, hammer toes, patellofemoral pain, and other musculoskeletal complications including low back pain. 8 Flat feet can be classified into either flexible or rigid arch that may or may not reform in non-weight bearing postures. 8 This disorder disturbs the kinematics of lower extremities, the ground reaction forces, the muscle movement and overall gait. 7įlat feet or pes planus is an abnormality characterized by excessive pronation of the foot that leads to an internal rotation of the tibia and femur, as well as an anterior pelvic tilt. 7 On the other hand, chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a persistent form of LBP that is of moderate intensity, lasts for more than 3 months, and results in substantial limitations in activity. 6 Acute low back pain (ALBP) is a self-limited condition and usually resolves without medical treatment in less than four weeks. LBP can be diagnosed as either specific LBP, caused by a specific pathophysiological mechanism (herniated disc, infection, osteoporosis etc.), or nonspecific LBP caused by an unknown reason. LBP is manifested by pain, muscle tension, or stiffness between the lower costal margin and above the inferior gluteal folds that might or might not radiate to the lower extremities. 4 It was reported that the combined direct and indirect estimated annual medical costs associated with LBP in the United States is in the range of $19.6–118.8 billion. 3 Absenteeism from work and even early job retirement have been associated with LBP. 2 LBP significantly disturbs people’s health and quality of life to a degree, it might even incapacitate their daily performance and activities. ![]() ![]() 2 This prevalence is in particular higher among those between 35 and 55 years old, and it will increase substantially with age due to traumas, stress or intervertebral disc conditions. 1 The predicted lifetime prevalence of LBP ranges from 60–70% in developed countries, and on an annual basis, 15–45% of adults develop LBP. As per the Global Burden of Disease study, LBP is one of the top ten diseases and injuries that people face daily. Low back pain (LBP) is a worldwide health concern.
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